Navigating fear and coexistence: The social costs of crocodile threats in the Gin Ganga River, Nagoda Divisional Secretariat, Galle District, Sri Lanka

Abstract

Human–crocodile conflict is a significant conservation and social issue worldwide. In Sri Lanka, such conflicts primarily involve saltwater crocodile and mugger crocodile populations inhabiting major river systems, including the Nilwala and Gin Ganga rivers and their surrounding wetlands. This study investigates the social costs associated with crocodile-related conflict, focusing on its implications for human safety, livelihoods, cultural practices, and community well-being. Drawing on the Social–Ecological Systems framework and Human–Wildlife Conflict Theory, this study examines the economic, psychological, and social dimensions of conflict while emphasizing the importance of incorporating local perceptions into conservation strategies. A qualitative research design was employed to explore the experiences of communities living along the Gin Ganga River in the Nagoda Divisional Secretariat, Galle District, Sri Lanka. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation to obtain in-depth insights into community experiences. The findings indicate that the persistent threat of crocodile encounters generates fear and restricts mobility, disrupting daily activities and local livelihoods, particularly fishing, small-scale agriculture along riverbanks, and livestock-related activities. Beyond immediate physical risks, crocodile-related conflict contributes to substantial psychosocial distress, weakens social cohesion, limits access to culturally significant river spaces, and constrains traditional practices and educational activities. The river, once perceived as a source of sustenance and comfort, has increasingly become associated with fear and insecurity, creating considerable yet often overlooked social burdens for affected communities. The study concludes that addressing human–crocodile conflict requires a balanced approach that integrates wildlife conservation with community safety and promotes sustainable coexistence through inclusive policies, community participation, and awareness initiatives.